Exploring the ideas of young healthcare professionals from selected countries regarding rural proofing.

INTRODUCTION: Globally, most countries struggle to meet the health needs of rural communities. This has resulted in rural areas performing poorly when compared to urban areas in terms of a range of health indicators. There have been few coherent or systematic strategies that target rural communities and address their needs within the rural context. Rural proofing, defined as the systematic application of a rural lens across policies and guidelines to ensure that they speak to these health needs, seeks to address this gap. The healthcare professionals (HCPs) who will be called upon to advocate for and lead the implementation of rural proofing efforts are those currently in training or early career stages. We thus sought to understand the perspectives of young HCPs regarding the concept of rural proofing. METHODS: The study adopted an interpretivist paradigm. Data were collected using semi-structured individual interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs). Selected HCPs who are in leadership in Rural Seeds, a movement for young HCPs, participated in the study. FGDs in the form of Rural Cafés were led by some Rural Seeds leaders who participated in the interviews and who showed interest in organising the discussions. Eleven exploratory interviews and six FGDs were conducted using Zoom. HCPs were from Australia, Europe, Africa, North America, South America, and Asia. Interviews and FGDs were conducted in English, recorded, and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was then undertaken. RESULTS: Participants perceived the state of rural healthcare globally to be problematic. Access to care was seen as the most significant issue in rural health care, associated with the challenges of lack of equity in access, and limited funding and support for healthcare professionals and their career pathways. Despite varying understanding of the concept, rural proofing was seen to be of great value in improving rural health care. A number of ideas for applying rural proofing, with examples, were proposed from their perspectives as frontline healthcare providers. They particularly recognised the importance of addressing the local needs of rural communities and the needs of present and future HCPs. Implementation of rural proofing was seen to require the involvement of key stakeholders from a range of sectors at multiple levels. CONCLUSION: Given the state of rural health, young rural HCPs suggest that rural proofing strategies are needed as they have the potential to bring about equity in the delivery of health care in rural and remote communities. These strategies will assist in creating a more positive future for rural health care worldwide and motivate young HCPs to become involved in rural health care, as well as to increase their motivation to take an interest in health policy development. These strategies need to be applied at multiple levels, from national government to local contexts. It is also seen to be critically important to involve multiple levels of stakeholders, from politicians to healthcare providers and community members, in the process of rural proofing.

Rural health frontiers: exploring insights, lessons, and priority actions identified through a global 40-speaker webinar series on rural health equity.

INTRODUCTION: Tackling rural health inequities requires equity-oriented approaches within health systems (eg across human resources, service delivery, information systems, health products, governance, financing) and action at cross-sectoral levels and with communities to address social and environmental determinants. METHODS: During the July 2021 to March 2022 period, more than 40 experts contributed to an 8-part webinar series on rural health equity, sharing experiences, insights and lessons learnt for both systems strengthening and action on determinants. The webinar series was convened by WHO in collaboration with WONCA's Rural Working Party, OECD and agencies in the UN Inequalities Task Team subgroup on rural inequalities. RESULTS: From rural proofing to advancing a One Health approach, to research on barriers to health services, to ensuring an Indigenous health focus and community engagement in medical education, the series covered a range of topics relevant to diminishing rural health inequities. DISCUSSION: The 10-minute presentation will highlight emerging lessons, where more research activity, deliberation in policy and programming domains, and joined up action across stakeholders and sectors have been called for.

Valuing rural hospitals - the Australian experience.

INTRODUCTION: Over many years in Australia, public hospitals were funded on historical grounds with about 40% of running costs provided by the national government. In 2010, a national reform agreement established the Independent Hospital Pricing Authority (IHPA) to put in place activity-based funding, where the national government contribution was based on activity and National Weighted Activity Units (NWAU) and a National Efficient Price (NEP). Rural hospitals were exempted from this on the assumption that they were less efficient and activity more variable. METHOD: IHPA developed a robust system of data collection for all hospitals including rural hospitals. Initially this was based on historic data but with increasing sophistication of data collection, a predictive model was developed that is termed the National Efficient Cost (NEC). RESULTS: The cost of hospital care was analyzed. The very smallest hospitals that saw fewer than 188 standardized patient equivalents (NWAU) per year were excluded as there were very few very remote hospitals with justified variation in their costs. A number of models were tested for their predictive value. The selected model successfully balances simplicity, policy considerations, and predictive power. The selected model combines an activity-based payment with a flag fall:Low volume (less than 188 NWAU) are paid a set amount of A$2.2M;Those between 188 and 3500 NWAU are paid a diminishing flag fall + activity payment; andThose above 3500 NWAU are paid on activity alone (same as larger hospitals)Discussion: The last 10 years has seen an increasing sophistication in measurement of hospital costs and activity allowing a deeper understanding of these aspects. The funding of hospitals by the national government is still distributed by the states but there is now as a greater transparency of cost, activity and efficiency. The presentation will highlight this and consider the implication and possible next steps.

The Limerick Declaration on Rural Health Care 2022.

The 19th World Rural Health Conference, hosted in rural Ireland and the University of Limerick, with over 650 participants coming from 40 countries and an additional 1600 engaging online, has carefully considered how best rural communities can be empowered to improve their own health and the health of those around them. The conference also considered the role of national health systems and all stakeholders, in keeping with the commitments made through the Sustainable Development Goals and the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health as one of the fundamental rights of every human being. This conference declaration, the Limerick Declaration on Rural Healthcare, is designed to inform rural communities, academics and policymakers about how to achieve the goal of delivering high quality health care in rural and remote areas most effectively, with a particular focus on the Irish healthcare system. Congruent with current evidence and best international practice, the participants of the conference endorsed a series of recommendations for the creation of high quality, sustainable and cost-effective healthcare delivery for rural communities in Ireland and globally. The recommendations focused on four major themes: rural healthcare needs and delivery, rural workforce, advocacy and policy, and research for rural health care. Equal access to health care is a crucial marker of democracy. Hence, we call on all governments, policymakers, academic institutions and communities globally to commit to providing their rural dwellers with equitable access to health care that is properly resourced and fundamentally patient-centred in its design.

The value of extended short-term medical training placements in smaller rural and remote locations on future work location: a cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of extended short-term medical training placements in small rural and remote communities on postgraduate work location. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cohort study of medical graduates of The University of Queensland, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: Graduating medical students from 2012 to 2021 who undertook a minimum of 6 weeks training in a small rural or remote location. Some participants additionally undertook either or both an extended short-term (12-week) placement in a small rural or remote location and a long-term (1 or 2 years) placement in a large regional centre. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE: Work location was collected from the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency in 2022, classified as either rural, regional or metropolitan and measured in association with rural placement type(s). RESULTS: From 2806 eligible graduates, those participating in extended small rural placements (n=106, 3.8%) were associated with practising rurally or regionally postgraduation (42.5% vs 19.9%; OR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.1 to 4.6), for both those of rural origin (50% vs 30%; OR: 4.9, 95% CI: 2.6 to 9.2) or metropolitan origin (36% vs 17%; OR: 2.8, 95% CI: 1.7 to 4.8). Those undertaking both an extended small rural placement and 2 years regional training were most likely to be practising in a rural or regional location (61% vs 16%; OR: 8.6, 95% CI: 4.5 to 16.3). Extended small rural placements were associated with practising in smaller rural or remote locations in later years (15% vs 6%, OR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.3 to 5.3). CONCLUSION: This work location outcome evidence supports investment in rural medical training that is both located in smaller rural and remote settings and enables extended exposure with rural generalists. The evaluated 12-week programme positively related to rural workforce outcomes when applied alone. Outcomes greatly strengthened when the 12-week programme was combined with a 2-year regional centre training programme, compared with either alone. These effects were independent of rural origin.

Fellowship of the Australian College of Rural & Remote Medicine (FACRRM) Assessment: a review of the first 12 years.

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. This paper provides an overview of the first 12 years of the formal assessment program of the Australian College of Rural and Remote Medicine (ACRRM). The ACRRM Fellowship represents the world's first and only Fellowship exam in Rural Medicine. The ACRRM assessment program is mapped to its Rural Generalist curriculum, based on the principles of programmatic assessment. ACRRM offers candidates the opportunity to participate in assessment in or close to their home location. The ACRRM Rural Generalist Curriculum defines the scope and standards for independent general practice anywhere in Australia, with a focus on rural and remote settings. The program was initially developed in 2006 and has evolved during delivery from 2008 onwards, utilising the following modalities: •Multi Source Feedback (MSF)•Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)•Mini Clinical Evaluation Exercise (Mini-CEX)•Case Based Discussion (CBD)•Procedural Skills Logbook•Structured Assessment using Multiple Patient Scenarios (StAMPS) StAMPS is a unique examination, blending the formats of an Objective Structured Clinical Examination and a traditional viva vocè. The program has an emphasis on formative assessment. Over the past 12 years there has been considerable work in developing resources for candidates, governance structures and quality assurance processes. ACRRM's Fellowship requirements represent a customised bespoke assessment tailored to ACRRM's curriculum and the Australian rural and remote context. ACRRM's assessment program has grown substantially with 649 Fellowships being awarded from 2008 - 2019, with considerable experience gained in rural and remote assessment. It now represents a mature firmly-established process as a vocational endpoint in Rural and Remote Medicine. ACRRM has continued to offer its 'tele-assessment' program throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, with candidates and examiners participating in assessment by use of distance technology while remaining in or near their home community. This model may provide some insights for other medical Colleges and educational institutions facing challenges in the current environment.

Academic performance of third-year medical students learning in rural settings.

OBJECTIVE: Investigate the academic performance of medical students in rural and remote discipline rotations by rurality of placement. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Rural and remote clinical placement locations in Queensland, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: University of Queensland third-year medical students. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: In this study, student results for a range of assessments are the main outcome measures with rural area of student placement locations as categorised by the Australian Standard Geographical Classification - Remoteness Areas system the independent variable of interest. RESULTS: There was a significant effect of Australian Standard Geographical Classification - Remoteness Areas of placement on the health project, clinical case presentation, clinical participation assessment and overall grade, after controlling for the potential confounding impact of sex, age, students who attended the rural clinical school, cohort year, rotation during the year and type of health service where students were placed. No significant effect of rural placement level was identified for the written examination, poster or journal of achievement assessments. CONCLUSION: Medical students' academic achievement is associated with many factors, but this study shows that being placed in remote areas is one factor that either does not impede or can positively influence the learning and academic performance of medical students.

Declaração de Gramado pela Saúde Rural nos países em desenvolvimento / Gramado Statement for Rural Health in developing countries / Declaración de Gramado para la Salud Rural en los países en desarrollo

Nós, aqui reunidos na XII Conferência Mundial de Saúde Rural da Wonca / IV Congresso Sulbrasileiro de Medicina de Família e Comunidade, declaramos como reflexão e recomendação para a saúde das populações rurais, em particular para os países em desenvolvimento, o que segue. Sistemas de saúde para uma melhor saúde rural A saúde rural não pode ser pensada separadamente do desenvolvimento do sistema de saúde. Pessoas de países em desenvolvimento merecem um uso racional e eficiente dos recursos disponíveis para gastos de saúde a fim de se otimizarem os resultados e a satisfação com os serviços. O aprimoramento da saúde rural deve estar associado a uma forte orientação do sistema de saúde para atenção primária à saúde1 e orientação para as reais necessidades das comunidades. Cobertura de saúde universal com equidade nos sistemas de saúde deve ser uma prioridade global2,3 Longitudinalidade e atenção integral devem ser constantemente alvo das políticas de saúde. Cuidado centrado na comunidade com competência cultural deve ser o princípio de todas as políticas de sistema de saúde. Hospitais e unidades de saúde rurais devem estar adequadamente vinculados a uma rede de saúde constantemente avaliada, e esta rede vinculada aos serviços mais especializados por meio de fluxos estabelecidos de comunicação, regulação e transporte. Envolvimento com a comunidade em todos os níveis das decisões deve ser encorajado para todos os sistemas de saúde. "Rural Proofing" implica "pensar no rural", consultar as comunidades rurais com a revisão de evidências rurais, desenvolver soluções rurais que são postas em prática, assim como monitorar, reavaliando continuamente e agindo em resposta a um ambiente em mudança.4 "Rural Proofing" deve ser centrado na pessoa e derivado por meio da lente do conhecimento contextualizado rural. É declaração do Wonca Working Party on Rural Practice (WWPRP) que Rural Proofing deve ser um aspecto rotineiro da aprovação e implementação das políticas. O WWPRP vai procurar desenvolver uma abordagem para ferramentas de Rural Proofing que abranja os princípios de melhoria da saúde para todas as pessoas rurais com uma apresentação do progresso dos resultados em 2015, na 13a Conferência Mundial de Saúde Rural da WONCA. Estratégias para o desenvolvimento profissional contínuo devem envolver tecnologias de suporte remoto e formação. As iniciativas de sucesso de treinamento em serviços de medicina de família já existentes devem ser exploradas. Competências desejáveis para a prática rural devem ser definidas e adicionadas de forma adaptada às diferentes realidades locais e necessidades. Devem-se qualificar e corresponsabilizar os gestores de saúde para a adoção de políticas orientadas pelo uso culturalmente apropriado das melhores evidências disponíveis. A necessidade de discussão das particularidades da saúde rural e da prática profissional é essencial. No entanto, a busca excessiva de definições muito estritas pode não ser útil para a implementação de políticas que realmente impactem a saúde dessas populações.5 Categorias intermediárias geradas pelo conceito de rururbano6,7 são fundamentais para estimular o intercâmbio de conhecimentos de medicina rural diante da enorme complexidade das situações sociais contemporâneas. Entende-se aqui rururbano como "um processo de desenvolvimento socioeconômico que combina, em termos de forma e conteúdo, uma única vivência regional e nacional. Ela representa uma rejeição à absoluta urbanização e, ao mesmo tempo, à idealização de camponeses vivendo arcaicamente em espaço rurais."6 O conceito também é utilizado para discutir a complexidade da definição de rural/urbano na legislação brasileira por outros autores, ao constatar-se que quase 15% da população nacional não se encaixam claramente em nenhuma das categorias isoladamente.7 O estabelecimento de um sistema de saúde, o que especificamente inclui a preocupação com a saúde das populações rurais, implica estabelecer redes de cooperação eficazes entre comunidades, educação e instituições de pesquisa, serviços de saúde e de gestão. Reconhecemos o trabalho realizado anteriormente nos fóruns rurais de Cartagena, Santa Fé e Montevidéu como importantes para o desenvolvimento da saúde rural na América Latina. Recursos humanos para a Saúde Rural A má distribuição e escassez de recursos humanos são muitas vezes maiores e mais graves nos países em desenvolvimento, e as soluções para este problema devem ser idealmente trabalhadas de forma conjunta por políticas de retenção e de qualidade, respeitando-se as recomendações internacionais8 e acordos para a migração internacional ética.9,10 O melhor perfil a ser alcançado por meio de políticas de alta prioridade para otimizar a saúde rural é o de pós-graduado em medicina de família. Em países em desenvolvimento, muitas vezes serão exigidos tempo e recursos para estimular a formação deste perfil, mas no médio e longo prazo, isto é custo-efetivo.1 Programas de residência devem ser a estratégia de padrão-ouro para este objetivo. Condições devem ser criadas para aumentar o número de vagas, sua descentralização e a garantia de uma quantidade adequada de bolsas de estudos para que os profissionais de saúde não sejam desviados para outras áreas nem entrem diretamente no mercado de trabalho. Outras maneiras de alcançar mais rapidamente o número necessário de profissionais devem preservar as diferenças entre esses modelos e valorar diferentemente profissionais com uma formação mais completa. Um escopo mais amplo de habilidades e conhecimentos deve ser incluído em uma formação estendida para esses profissionais. Em locais onde já há programas de medicina de família, períodos adicionais com conteúdo rural devem ser criados, ou seja, com conteúdos especiais ligados à realidade local, podendo incluir cirurgia, habilidades e conhecimentos de obstetrícia, atendimento de emergência, pediatria, etc. Políticas de migração, serviços obrigatórios, recrutamentos temporários sem estratégias de retenção devem ser estratégias excepcionais e não devem ser as principais políticas de nenhum país. Descentralização rural da formação, políticas para estimular os alunos advindos de áreas rurais, melhoramentos na qualidade do trabalho, de vida e de pagamento, incluindo programas de carreira profissional devem ser parte de políticas multifatoriais para retenção. Migração de profissionais internacionais deve sempre respeitar as legislações nacionais e as recomendações internacionais. Trabalhadores de saúde rural que vivem e trabalham em zonas rurais devem ser valorizados e sua situação sempre deve ser comparada com as novas políticas para evitar prejuízo destes. A exposição dos alunos de todas profissões da área da saúde deve incluir todos os possíveis cenários de prática profissional, incluindo rural e rururbanas, e deve ser planejada longitudinalmente sempre que possível. A formação necessariamente deve ser direcionada para as necessidades locais. As competências (conhecimentos, habilidades e atitudes) de medicina de família rural devem ser parte da formação de graduação. Unidades de cuidados de ensino nas áreas rurais são o cenário adequado para a formação de saúde rural e capacitação.